HOW CAN THE TOXICITY OF THE CAR'S EXHAUST BE REDUCED? SOVIET STUDIES IN THIS FIELD DISCUSSED BY JOURNALIST DMITRY SASOROV. Amidst the harm inflicted by man’s practical activity on the environment the ejection of exhaust fumes by engines is perhaps the most dangerous. Practically all transport vehic- les pollute air, although their share in affecting the air ocean differs. The car is no doubt one of the greatest polluters. Experts know that a car covering 15,000 kilometers, on an average, ‘inhales’ 4,350 kg of oxygen and ‘exhales’ 3,250 kg of carbon dioxide, about 530 kg of carbonic oxide, 93 kg of toxic hydrocarbons and 27 kg of nitrogén oxides. This directly harms human health and even jeopardizes human lives. Here are some examples. American scientists have calculated that a person, who was born in New York after World War II inhaled during his or her life, such an amount of harmful admixtures which is equivalent to the smoking of nine cigarettes each day. Some hydrocarbons from automobile exhaust fumes caused cancer of animals put under test. I have mentioned hydrocar- bons, but the car’s exhaust contains a whole parcel of poi- son substances, for instance, carbonic oxide. Is has been established that 1,500 units of this oxide per million air par- ticles put human life at risk. However, even 120 units are enough to affect the driver’s health and to lead to an acci- dent. Surveys have shown that the gas content in tunnels, in garages and in the streets of such large cities as London, New ERILAISET TILAISUUDET TORONTO Toronton Ikinuorten Finlandia kuoron harjoitukset joka torstaiklo |] a. p. Uudetja entiset laulajat, tervetuloa kuoroon! [kinuorten voimistelu- ja tanhuharjoitukset Don haalilla torstaisin klo 10 a.p. SUDBURY CSJ:n osaston kokoukset joka kuukauden toisena maa- nantaina klo | 1 a.p. Postiosoite CSJ:n Sudburyn osasto, P.O. Box 354, Station ‘B’, Sudbury, Ont. P3E 4P2, SUDBURYN SEURA- KERHON viikottaiset harjoi- tus- ja ajanvietetilaisuudet Ju- bilee Centre, entinen Finnish haali), joka tiistai, alkaen klo 10 ap. Uudet jasenet tervetulleita kerhomme toimintaan! THUNDER BAY Ikinuorten kokoukset haa- lila, 316 Bay St. joka kuu- kauden ensimmiainen ja kolmas keskiviikko, alk. klo 1.30 ip. ‘Kaiku’ kuoron harjoitukset joka sunnuntai kello | ilta- paivalla. Tervetuloa uudet ja entiset laulajat! a CSJ:n osaston kokoukset joka kuukauden toinen lauantai klo 1.30 ip. 12 York, Chicago, and Detroit has already reached 100 units. The automobile exhaust is harmful not only to people. Polluted air gives rise to the premature wearout, corrosion, darkening, pollution, destruc- tion, cracking, strength reduc- tion and decoloration of many materials. HOW IS THE PROBLEM BEING SOLVED IN THE USSR? Environmental protection, in particular urban air protec- tion, is a matter of nationwide importance in this country. One can mention in this respect the laws adopted at the session of the USSR Supreme Soviet held in June 1980 (The Law on Air Protection and the Law on the Protection and Use of the Ani- mal Kingdom). [t should be noted, however, that in the USSR the problem has not assumed such threatening pro- portions as in other countries of the mass automobilization. This is accounted for not only by the fact that in the Soviet Union the per capita number of cars per urban unit area is so far rather low. It should by stressed that cities are reconstructed in the Soviet U- nion in a planned way, and big thoroughfares are built. Our country leads the world in the development of public trans- port, which sharply reduces the number of cars in the streets. A tram, a bus, and atrolleybus can carry more than 100 passen- gers while the private car. As statistics have shown, carries 1.2 in Britain and 1.7 persons in the USSR. Now millions of Soviet people have private cars. How- ever, despite the cheapness of petrol, most of the car owners drive their cars only in days off or during summer holidays. They prefer public transport for everyday use (in Moscow, with a population of over 8 million, public transport carries about [5 million passengers a day) and the fares remain stable year in, year out: 5 kopeks for a ride in the Metro (underground railway) and a bus; 4 kopeks for a trolleybus ride and 3 kopeks for a tram ride. Of course, well-organized public transport arriving at in- tervals of 1 minute or 2 minutes in rush hours sharply reduces the number of private cars in the streets and hence the amount of harmful exhausts. But this measure alone is not sufficient. The development of trans- portation leads to a growing car fleet. That is why the state is taking efficient measures to cut the toxicity of the exhaust. STATE POLICY ‘The Guidelines for the De- velopment of the National Eco- nomy of the USSR for 1976- 1980’ provided for the intens- ification of ‘work on developing transport and over facilities en- suring the reduction of air pollu- tion with exhaust fumes’. In this connection public health bodies 7 determined safe rates of the_ concentration of toxicants in the air. The USSR’s national stan- dard, which was put into force in 1978, is more rigid than the present-day European stan- dards: 35 per cent more ri- gorous for carbonic oxide, 12 per cent more rigid for hydro- carbons and 21 per cent more rigid as far as nitrogen oxide is concerned. If one compares the current Soveit standard with its pre- decessor it will turn out that the car which came off the conveyer in 1978 (as compared with the car manufactured in 1975) ejects almost 50 per cent less carbonic oxide and 21 per cent less hydrocarbons. The new standard will be valid for five years. Subse- quently toxicity standards will be rigidfied which will make higher demands of car manu- facturers. WHAT IS BEING DONE BY FACTORIES? At present, all Soviet car factories have organized con- trol of cars coming off pro- duction lines in idle running and in the testing cycle. Fuel and ignition systems are chosen in Lahjoituksia rauhanliitolle Helmi ja Fanni, Esther Hilden, Toronto ..20.00 Lahjoituksia CSJ:n edustajan matkarahastoon Maailman naisten kongressiin: TORONTO Lempi Kiviniemi .....$20.00 Katrija Paavo Makinen ..10.00 Katri ja A. Jalonen .... 10.00 Aino ja U. Oksanen ... 10.00 Alinaja Onni Sikola .... 20.00 Gretaja Eino Hakala ... 10.00 Lempi ja Antero Salminen, Gormley, Ont. ........50.00 Katri Sudbury, Ont. ... 10.00 Eila Male Vancouver B.C. ....... 10.00 Haluamme lausua lampi- mat kiutokset kaikille jotka a- vuStivat edustajamme matkaa Maailman naisten kongressiin. Kaarina on jo kotiutunut ja ker- toi etta matka oli hanelle hyvin antoisa, josta han tulee raport- teeraamaan myOhemmin eri ti- laisuuksissa ja Viikkosanomien palstoilla. CS$J:n toimeenpaneva komitea 957 Broadview Ave. Toronto CSJ:n toimeenpaneva komitea lausuu lampimat klitokset lah- joittajille. KIITOS Palattuani asken Maailman naisten konferensista Prahas- ta, Tshekkoslovakiasta, haluan taten tuoda lampdiset terveiset sielta ja lausua sydamelliset kiitokset CSJ:lle, sen jasenille ja jokaiselle joka lahjoituksel- laan teki tamdan ikimuistettavan matkan mahdolliseksi. Kaarina Luoma Toronto, Ont. HALUTAAN taloudenhoitajatar (nainen) yksindisen leskimiehen talouteen ja samalla pitkien talvi-iltojen ratoksi, ika 60 tai 65 vuotta. Asiasta voi sopia joko kirjeella tai kay- malla henkilé6kohtaisesti tapaamassa. Osoitteella: Entinen kullankaivaja, such a way as to be regulated in the best way not only in the capacity, economic and driving performance, but also toxicity. soviet car factories have im- proved technological discipline, and have raised the accuracy of the manufacture of parts which have an effect on toxicants. Not long ago, Soviet fac- tories producing ‘Lada’ and ‘Moskvich’ cars started to mount Ozon carburetors which reduce the ejection of toxicants and cut fuel consumption by 4 to 5 pre cent. Cars are put into service in various climatic and topogra- phic conditions, on the plain and in the mountains, which requires the regulation of the carburetor in the idle running. If this regulation is carried out with previous carburetors with insufficient expertise, the toxi- city of the exhaust will go up. New carburetors are devoid of this drawback. There are some other tech- nical novelties, for instance, a closed crankcase ventilation system which has reduced the ejection of gases approximately by 20 percent. Soviet de- signers’ work on antechamber- torch engines will benefit the cleanliness of the air. Engines of this new type have passed through service testings. Com- mercial electromobiles can be seen in the streets of Soviet cities, and some experimental vehicles use as fuel hydrogen or hydrogen mixed with petrol. Surtolaisten muutto- virta on kaantanyt Suuntaa Ruotsinsuomalaiset virtaa- vat takaisin koti-Suomeen. Ta- na vuonna palaajia on yhden pikkukaupungin vaest6n verran enemm4an kuin Ruotsiin meni- joita. Seitseman ensimmaisen kuukauden paluuvoitto oli 6, 200 kansalaista. Ensi kesaa nimitetaan ennakkoon suureksi paluukesaksi, niin moni jo val- mistelee Ruotsin jattamista. Pa- luuta kypsyttaa osaltaan se, etta talousvaivainen Ruotsi ty6ntaa liikavakea ulos. Monet ruotsin- suomalaiset tuntevat kotimaan vetoa myds henkild- ja perhe- kohtaisista syisté. Ennusteet eivat tienneet kdynnissa olevan paluumuuton voimaa ja laajuut- ta. Vield taman vuoden alku- puolella arvioitiin Ruotsin ja Suomen valisen muuttoliikkeen jatkuvan Suomelle tappiollise- na aina vuoteen 1985 saakka. Ruotsinsuomalaisia on laskuta- vasta rilppuen 380,000:sta 400,000:een. Suuren osan nais- ta Suomi on menettanyt ikui- siksi ajoiksi, mutta erittdin pal- jon on niita jotka eivat hyvaksy itseddn siirtolaisiksi, vaan kat- sovat olevansa Ruotsissa tila- padisesti tyGssa. | ja 217 Pine St. N., Apt. 214, Timmins, Ontario This also reduces the toxicity of engines. The large-scale dieseliza- tion of the car fleet now under way in the USSR contributes to the improvement of the air quality in urban areas. Diesel engines eject less carbonic oxide and hydrocarbons than carburetor engines. Diesel en- gines have smoke exhaust, but rigorous standards limit the car's air-polluting breath. De- Signers are bettering fuel e- quipment and are testing vari- ous systems of neutralizers. THE SWITCH-OVER OF THOU- SANDS OF MOTOR VEHICLES TO LIQUEFIED GAS IS ALSO AN EFFICIENT MEASURE. IN MOS- COW. FOR INSTANCE, LORRIES AND EXPERIMENTAL BUSES AND TAXICABS WORK ON LI- QUEFIED GAS. AUNHITA UKK1A_ UKKAKIMPPUJA a R SER Pubelin 673-! BSa6 252 Regent St. 8. Hazel kadun kulm. 22 Durham St. N. New Sudbury kauppakeskus ALUMIMIMIESTEN HUOMIOON Halutaan ostaa aluminium si- | | ding scarp (romua) paivan kor- | | ketmptin hintothin. Rehellinen | | punnitus, | HOUSE OF METALS 45 Commercial Rd. | Toronto 17, Leaside | /Kolme korttelia etelaan Eglin- | tonista, itaan Laird Drivesta. | Puh: 421-1572 | PS J F. j a ae Se i Loe “Se: as iS & Le! Fs $ cS fa s Le E = = N $ ee ae oa eB: : & Be hey Ss SW & se : ft oe x BS ae & FF es a : i j i H -HAUTAUSTOIMISTO | : Hautaukset 100 mailin sdteella { j Sudburysta toimitetaan ilman | lisamaksua. l | PUHELIN 673-9595 | : PUHELIN 673-9595 | | 252 Regent St. South Hazel kadun kulm. Sudbury ed canna te nares aaneane pttaareernte 0 D, OPTOMETRISTIT Puh. kontteri 674-4014 kotiin 673-0705 CITY CENTRE, HUONE 216 Toisessa kerrolcsessa SUDBURY, Ontario Vastaanotto ESPANOLASSA Keskiv. klo 11 ap. — 9 Ip. Puh. 869-2920